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US China Trade War Impact on Global Economy.

US China Trade War Impact on Global Economy. 1. Introduction The US China trade war continues to evolve, affecting various industries and prompting countries to reassess their trade strategies. Historically, China and the United States have had a close relationship regarding economics for a long time. There are many ways to influence the global economy, and these range from shared supply chains and huge trade to competition for investments and technology. Nonetheless, the relationship started to deteriorate in 2018 after the launch of a US-China trade war. The US China trade war has far-reaching implications for global economics. The US trade deficit, issues related to IP theft, and China’s direct support to certain industries caused the start of the trade war as claimed by the US government then. Because of war many countries, manufacturing, agriculture, and technology sectors were seriously affected by these events, while both developing countries and multinational companies sought to adjust to changes. Moreover, understanding the US China trade war is crucial for businesses looking to navigate international markets effectively. The US China trade war has implications for global supply chains and international relations. This article examines the history and impact of the trade war that took place between the US and China. It evaluates how the economic conflict has affected global trade, supply chains, investment, and trade pacts. Also, seeing the bigger picture of this trade war is important for detecting possible changes in world trade. What Sparked the US China Trade War? Experts believe that the US China trade war will redefine global economic alliances. Initially, both economic concerns, poor relations over trade secrets, and competition between the countries led to the trade war. Issues over market access and trading unfairness soon grew into bigger issues surrounding technology, global clout, and trade. These are the primary causes of the intense struggle that led to the major economic dispute. 1. Trade Imbalance and Protectionist Policies In 2017, US-China trade amounted to a deficit of over $375 billion, mostly leading to the trade war. American officials believed that the imbalance came about because of unfair practices in trade. The US China trade war has led to significant shifts in manufacturing locations and trade practices. As a result, the Trump administration began placing tariffs on various products imported from China in 2018. Tariffs on steel and aluminum were applied first, and after that, a larger group of goods was hit, which resulted in Chinese retaliation. Additionally, the US China trade war has heightened concerns over global economic stability. 2. Intellectual Property (IP) Theft Allegations Some claimed that there was also a problem of illicitly obtaining other people’s inventions. The US blamed China for: In response, Silicon Valley and American government officials asserted that China’s steps were threatening US ingenuity and promoting unfair competition for Chinese companies. 3. Strategic Rivalry and Economic Nationalism The conflict was also an expression of the broader competition occurring between the United States and China. There is competition between the countries to lead the world in economic and technical matters. Understanding the nuances of the US China trade war is essential for policymakers. Because of these different goals, the conflict grew stronger, making the US decide to lessen its dependence on Chinese products. Timeline of Key Events in the US China Trade War Starting in 2018, there have been ongoing disputes and shifts in trade policies between the US and China. This shows the main events that shaped the global trade war and affected commerce worldwide. 2018–2020: Tariff Escalations and Economic Tensions In March 2018, President Trump announced a 25% tariff on steel and a 10% tariff on aluminum, stating that the reason was national security. Most of these measures were introduced worldwide, but they mainly focused on China. Last July, the United States made Chinese goods more expensive by slapping a 25% tariff on a range worth $34 billion, prompting Beijing to re- imposing tariffs on American goods. Some major events during this period were: Because of the tariff increases, global supply chains were disrupted, which made things more expensive for businesses and consumers. January 2020: The Phase One Trade Agreement Analysts predict that the US China trade war will lead to new forms of economic collaboration. The agreement between the US and China in January 2020 was called the Phase One trade deal, and it offered a break from disagreements. This included: The deal helped, but key issues were not settled, so tariffs still afflicted world trade. The US China trade war continues to shape the landscape of global trade agreements. 2021–Present: Biden Administration’s Strategic Trade Policy Under Biden, the approach to trade was like Trump’s, though officials shifted interest to strategic rivalries, building a secure supply chain, and working with allies. However, this approach change again immediately President Trump regains power by his high tariffs, which some see a retaliatory measures from China, and temporary truces to mitigate economic fallout. Still as the tone softened, the rivalry between the US and China over their economies continued to transform into a larger contest over who is the most technologically advanced and powerful on a global scale. Global Economic Impact of the US China Trade War The disagreement in trade between the US and China has had a big effect on the world economy. When the economic titans established tariffs and countermeasures, the outcome affected connections among countries, financial systems, and business choices. The conflict kept both US and Chinese economies from growing and it caused difficulties for trade around the world, lowered trading confidence, and changed agreements on trading between countries. 3.1 Disruption of Global Supply Chains The trade war caused goods supply chains all over the world to be disrupted. Because of tariffs, using Chinese parts became expensive for US companies. Additionally, Chinese businesses associated with America had to find new suppliers. There were issues with raising production costs and facing logistic problems for companies such as Apple, General Motors, Tesla share came down and Caterpillar. One example is that

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The U.S.-China Trade War

The trade war initiated by the United States under the Trump administration in 2018 remains one of the most influential events in modern global economics. What began as a targeted effort to correct perceived trade imbalances with China soon expanded to include key U.S. trading partners such as Canada and Mexico. By 2025, its repercussions continue to shape international commerce, highlighting the delicate equilibrium between national economic interests and global cooperation. Understanding The U.S.-China Trade Wars At its core, a trade war revolves around the strategic use of tariffs—taxes imposed on imported goods. These measures serve to protect domestic industries, discourage reliance on foreign products, or pressure another country into altering its trade policies. The dynamic can be likened to a tug-of-war, where nations wield economic tools to gain leverage, often leading to retaliatory actions that escalate tensions. Origins of the U.S. Trade War The Trump administration launched the trade war based on multiple factors: U.S. Strategy: Tariffs as Economic Leverage To achieve these objectives, the United States imposed wide-ranging tariffs: Retaliatory Measures: Global Response The imposition of tariffs is rarely a one-sided affair in international trade. Countries targeted by these measures often respond in kind, imposing their own tariffs on goods imported from the initiating country. This is a natural defensive mechanism, aimed at both inflicting economic pain back on the initiator and protecting their own domestic industries from the negative effects of the initial tariffs. When the U.S. placed tariffs on Chinese goods, China didn’t simply absorb the cost. It strategically targeted American exports, particularly in sectors like agriculture (soybeans, pork) and manufacturing (automobiles), where the U.S. had a significant presence. This created hardship for American farmers and manufacturers who suddenly found their products more expensive in the Chinese market, leading to reduced sales and potential job losses. Similarly, Canada and Mexico, after being hit with U.S. tariffs, retaliated by imposing their own duties on a range of American goods. It meant that American products, from certain agricultural goods to specific manufactured items, became more expensive for Canadian and Mexican consumers and businesses, potentially reducing demand for them and harming American exporters. This cycle of tit-for-tat tariffs is the core of a trade war, with each new round of tariffs escalating the economic pain and uncertainty for all involved. Impact of the Trade War The effects of the trade war extended beyond immediate trade disruptions, influencing broader economic, political, and diplomatic spheres: Impact on the U.S.: Impact on China: Impact on Canada & Mexico: The Global Context Disruption of Global Supply Chains For decades, globalization facilitated the emergence of highly specialized supply chains, allowing businesses to source materials and manufacture products in cost-effective locations. The trade war dismantled this efficiency, forcing industries to rethink sourcing strategies. Impact on Businesses: The Rise of “Friendshoring” Instead of focusing purely on cost-effectiveness, multinational corporations began shifting production toward countries with similar political interests. This marked a transition from globalization to strategic economic alliances, fundamentally altering the world’s trade map. Increased Uncertainty & Reduced Investment The unpredictability of tariff policies made it difficult for businesses to plan for the future, leading to delayed projects, reduced foreign direct investment, and economic slowdowns. Effects on Business Strategy: Global Trade Agreements Under Pressure The uncertainty also impacted international trade negotiations. Countries started favoring bilateral trade agreements instead of relying on multilateral institutions like the WTO, making trade more fragmented. Slower Global Economic Growth The trade war wasn’t just an issue for the U.S., China, Canada, and Mexico—it reduced trade volume globally, dragging down GDP growth in multiple regions. IMF & World Bank Warnings: Leading financial institutions consistently downgraded global growth forecasts, citing the trade war as a major risk factor. Increased Inflation A direct consequence of tariffs is higher import costs, which translates into price increases for everyday consumers. Effects on the U.S. and Other Nations: Inflation & Income Inequality Lower-income populations were disproportionately affected by rising costs, as essentials like food, clothing, and electronics became more expensive. This exacerbated wealth inequality in many regions. Impact on International Institutions The trade war posed existential questions for institutions like the WTO, whose authority was tested as countries increasingly bypassed global trade regulations. The WTO’s Struggles: IMF & World Bank Reactions: These organizations repeatedly warned that prolonged trade conflicts could weaken global economic resilience. Shifting Trade Relationships & Economic Blocs With traditional trade routes destabilized, countries strengthened regional alliances to mitigate risk. Key Shifts in Global Trade: Geopolitical Implications Beyond economics, the trade war intensified political tensions between major powers, affecting diplomacy, technology competition, and security strategies. U.S.-China Tech Rivalry: Global Political Realignment: 2025: Where the Trade War Stands Fast forward to 2025, and the dust of the initial trade war hasn’t entirely settled. Many of the tariffs imposed by the U.S. remain in place, particularly in strategically important sectors like semiconductors and green technology, signaling a continued focus on protecting domestic industries. Political shifts within the U.S. haven’t fundamentally reversed this protectionist stance. Meanwhile, China continues its efforts to become more self-reliant in key technologies and to forge stronger trade links with other nations. The global trade landscape has become more fragmented, with countries increasingly forming regional blocs and prioritizing strategic alliances.

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Ukraine – Russia War: How We Got Here

Leave a Comment / Blog, International Relations and Global Affairs / admin / April 21, 2025

Welcome back, Dear Readers! It’s wonderful to have you here as we wrap up this exploration of the Ukraine-Russia War. In earlier posts, we navigated the modern-day struggles—the ongoing battles, the strategies shaping this war, and the realities faced by those affected. Now, in this final installment of the series, we bring everything together and delve deeper into the impact of these present-day challenges. Let’s conclude this chapter with a comprehensive understanding of this unfolding story and its place in modern history. KEY BATTLES OF THE UKRAINE – RUSSIA WAR Battle of Kyiv (February–April 2022) The Battle of Kyiv was a significant and intense military engagement during the early stages of the Ukraine – Russia War. It took place between February 24 and April 2, 2022, and was a critical moment in the conflict as Russian forces attempted to capture the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv. Key Events: Siege of Mariupol (February–May 2022) The Siege of Mariupol was one of the most intense and devastating battles of the Russia-Ukraine war. It took place between February 24 and May 20, 2022, in the strategic port city of Mariupol, located in southeastern Ukraine. Key Events: Battle of Kharkiv (February–September 2022) The Battle of Kharkiv was a significant military engagement during the early stages of the Russia-Ukraine war. It took place between February 24 and September 2022 in and around the city of Kharkiv, Ukraine’s second-largest city, located just 30 kilometers south of the Russia-Ukraine border. Key Events: Battle of Severodonetsk and Lysychansk (May–July 2022) The Battle of Severodonetsk and Lysychansk was a critical and intense military engagement during the Russia-Ukraine war. It took place between May and July 2022 in the Luhansk Oblast of eastern Ukraine, focusing on the twin cities of Severodonetsk and Lysychansk. Key Events: Kherson Counteroffensive (August–November 2022) The Kherson Counteroffensive was a significant military operation launched by Ukrainian forces to reclaim territory in the southern regions of Kherson and Mykolaiv Oblasts from Russian occupation. The counteroffensive took place between August 29 and November 11, 2022, and marked a crucial phase in the Russia-Ukraine war. Key Events: Battle of Bakhmut (August 2022–May 2023) The Battle of Bakhmut was one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the Russia-Ukraine war, taking place between August 2022 and May 2023. The battle centered around the city of Bakhmut in the Donetsk Oblast of eastern Ukraine. Key Events: KEY ISSUES AND MOTIVATIONS The conflict between Ukraine and Russia is driven by a complex interplay of historical, political, and strategic factors. Understanding these key issues and motivations is crucial to comprehending the ongoing war. Russia’s Security Concerns Putin’s Political and Historical Narrative Energy and Economic Factors War Crimes and Humanitarian Crisis INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY NATO and Western Support The U.S., UK, and EU nations provided billions in weapons, including HIMARS, tanks, and air defense systems. Finland and Sweden applied to join NATO in response to Russian aggression, with Finland officially joining in 2023. Western nations imposed severe sanctions on Russia. China’s Position China avoided outright condemnation of Russia but called for a negotiated settlement. China increased trade with Russia, particularly in energy, softening the impact of Western sanctions. Global South and Non-Aligned Countries India continued trade with Russia, particularly in oil, while maintaining strategic ties with the West. Brazil and South Africa called for diplomacy but avoided taking strong stances. UN and Peace Talks The UN brokered a deal in July 2022 to allow Ukrainian grain exports through the Black Sea, helping ease global food shortages. Multiple failed peace talks occurred, with both sides unwilling to make major concessions. Latest U.S Intervention Recent peace efforts in the Ukraine-Russia conflict have faced significant challenges over the past two months. NATO foreign ministers, including U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio, have expressed strong support for Ukraine while urging Russia to commit to a ceasefire. Discussions have emphasized the importance of collective security and defense contributions among NATO allies. Despite a U.S.-proposed 30-day ceasefire agreement, Russia has not fully adhered to the terms. Ukraine has accused Russia of violating the ceasefire by targeting energy infrastructure, while Russia claims its side of the deal remains intact. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky has stated that Russian President Vladimir Putin has shown no readiness for direct peace talks, emphasizing that meaningful negotiations require genuine commitment from Russia. Separate meetings between U.S., Ukrainian, and Russian delegations have taken place to explore potential peace agreements. However, Russia’s demands and continued military offensives suggest reluctance to move forward. The situation remains complex, with ongoing battles and strained diplomatic efforts. As we reach the end of our series on the Ukraine-Russia conflict, we reflect on the complexities of this ongoing struggle. From the fierce battles to the diplomatic challenges and the global impact, this conflict remains a defining chapter in modern history. While the path to peace is fraught with obstacles, the resilience of those affected serves as a testament to the human spirit. Let us continue to seek understanding and solutions, fostering dialogue that may pave the way toward resolution and healing. Thank you for embarking on this journey with us—your engagement enriches the conversation. Until next time!

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UKRAINE-RUSSIA: Modern Day Struggle

1 Comment / Blog, International Relations and Global Affairs / admin / April 7, 2025

Welcome back, Lovelies! It feels good to have you back here with me in the exploration of the Ukraine-Russia conflict. In the last post, we explored the history of this war. We looked at the key events that led to its start. Today, we turn our attention to the struggles of today. We’ll look at the battles, the strategies involved, and how this ongoing conflict affects real life. Let’s dig into this complex and poignant chapter of history. PRESENT-DAY SCUFFLES Orange Revolution (2004–2005) The Orange Revolution was a series of protests and political events in Ukraine. It took place from November 2004 to January 2005. The revolution started when many claimed there was fraud in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Key Events: Euromaidan Protests (2013-2014) The Euromaidan Protests, or the Revolution of Dignity, were protests in Ukraine. They started in November 2013 and went on into 2014. The protests started because many people were angry at President Viktor Yanukovych’s government. People felt upset after he turned down an association agreement with the European Union (EU) to get closer to Russia. Key Events: Russia’s annexation of Crimea (2014) Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 was a major shift in the Ukraine-Russia conflict. It also had significant effects on global politics. This event happened after Ukraine’s pro-Russian President, Viktor Yanukovych, was ousted during the Euromaidan protests. Key Events: War in Donbas (2014–present) The War in Donbas, also known as the Donbas War, is a conflict in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of eastern Ukraine. The war started in April 2014. This came after Russia took over Crimea. It also followed the removal of Ukraine’s pro-Russian president, Viktor Yanukovych. Key Events: Escalation to Full-Scale War (2021–2022) The conflict between Ukraine and Russia grew serious in late 2021 and early 2022. This led to Russia’s full-scale invasion. This escalation was a key moment in the conflict. It also had major effects on stability in the region and the world. Key Events: The Ukraine-Russia war leaves lasting echoes in history. Its complexities need closer examination. In the next post, we will explore key battles that shaped this conflict. We’ll explore why both sides act as they do. We’ll also examine the roles of nations and international organizations in this ongoing saga. Stay tuned as we unravel the layers of this monumental chapter in global affairs.

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ISRAEL vs HAMAS NEWEST CEASEFIRE

Leave a Comment / International Relations and Global Affairs / admin / March 5, 2025

Welcome back! I’m thrilled to have you join this space once again as we embark on another exciting journey through the events of the international system. Here, I’ll share my diverse range of interests. So, sit back and enjoy the read. If you missed the first chapter, which focused on the History of Ceasefires in the Hamas-Israel Conflict, don’t fret—you can easily catch up. This chapter promises to delve even deeper into the ongoing ceasefire situation. CURRENT STATE OF THE ISRAEL VS. HAMAS CRISIS The conflict between Israel and Hamas has been ongoing for over 15 months, with the situation remaining highly volatile and complex. The latest round of violence began on October 7, 2023, when Hamas launched a massive surprise assault on southern Israel, resulting in the deadliest single attack on Israelis in history. In response, Israel declared war with the intent to destroy Hamas, leading to extensive military operations in the Gaza Strip. The conflict has caused significant casualties and widespread destruction. As of February 2025, the conflict has resulted in the deaths of at least 61,709 Palestinians, including 17,492 children, and more than 111,588 people have been injured. Additionally, over 14,222 people are still believed to be trapped under rubble or in areas inaccessible to rescuers. The blockade imposed by Israel has cut off essential supplies, exacerbating the suffering of Gaza’s residents. The conflict has caused extensive damage to Gaza’s infrastructure. Almost all homes in Gaza have been damaged or destroyed, along with 80 percent of commercial facilities and 88 percent of school buildings. Healthcare facilities have also been severely affected, with 50 percent of hospitals partially functional. The blockade has led to severe shortages of food, medicine, and other essential supplies. PARTIES INVOLVED IN TRYING TO MEDIATE PEACE The ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas has drawn the attention of several key international and regional players who are actively involved in mediating peace efforts. Here are the main parties involved: United States The United States has been a significant player in mediating peace between Israel and Hamas. The U.S. has close ties with Israel and has been involved in various diplomatic efforts to broker ceasefires and peace agreements. High-ranking officials, including the U.S. envoy for the global coalition against IS, Brett McGurk, have been instrumental in the negotiations. The U.S. has also provided humanitarian aid and support to the affected population in Gaza. Egypt Egypt has historically played a crucial role in mediating peace between Israel and Hamas. As a neighboring country with significant influence in the region, Egypt has facilitated numerous ceasefire agreements and negotiations. Egyptian officials have been actively involved in brokering deals and providing a platform for dialogue between the conflicting parties. Egypt’s strategic position and diplomatic efforts have been vital in de-escalating tensions and promoting stability in the region. Qatar Qatar has emerged as a key mediator in the Israel-Hamas conflict. Despite its small size, Qatar holds significant influence in the Middle East and has a history of effective mediation efforts. Qatari officials have played a crucial role in brokering ceasefire agreements and facilitating negotiations between Israel and Hamas. Qatar’s involvement has been instrumental in securing temporary truces, releasing hostages, and providing humanitarian aid to Gaza. The country’s strategic positioning and diplomatic initiatives have made it an indispensable player in the peace process. United Nations The United Nations has been actively involved in mediating peace efforts and addressing the humanitarian crisis in Gaza. The UN has called for a full humanitarian ceasefire and increased efforts to provide aid and support to the affected population. Various UN agencies and humanitarian organizations have been working on the ground to deliver essential supplies and services to those in need. The UN’s involvement has been crucial in coordinating international efforts and advocating for a peaceful resolution to the conflict. European Union The European Union has also been engaged in mediating peace efforts between Israel and Hamas. The EU has provided diplomatic support, humanitarian aid, and financial assistance to the affected population in Gaza. European nations have been involved in facilitating dialogue and negotiations, aiming to achieve a lasting peace agreement. The EU’s involvement has been essential in mobilizing international support and promoting stability in the region. Russia and China Russia and China have expressed their willingness to help mediate peace between Israel and Hamas. Both countries have been involved in diplomatic efforts to facilitate negotiations and provide humanitarian aid. Their involvement highlights the global significance of the conflict and the need for a coordinated international response to achieve a peaceful resolution. DEALS AND PRISONER EXCHANGES IN THE ISRAEL VS. HAMAS CRISIS The ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas has seen several prisoner exchange deals as part of ceasefire agreements.: Recent Prisoner Exchange Deals Numbers of Prisoners Exchanged Challenges and Delays The prisoner exchange process has faced several challenges and delays. For instance, the release of over 600 Palestinian prisoners was delayed due to Israeli security consultations and concerns over the manner in which Hamas conducted the hostage release ceremonies. These delays have strained the ceasefire agreement and raised concerns about the future of the peace process. Humanitarian and Political Implications The prisoner exchanges have significant humanitarian and political implications. They are seen as a crucial step towards alleviating the suffering of the affected populations and promoting peace. However, the process has also highlighted the deep-seated mistrust and tensions between the conflicting parties, making it challenging to achieve a lasting resolution.

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HISTORY OF CEASEFIRES IN THE HAMAS, ISRAEL CRISIS

Leave a Comment / International Relations and Global Affairs / admin / February 24, 2025

Hey everyone, Welcome back! I’m thrilled to have you here as we continue exploring international events and sharing my many interests. The previous chapter shared a week ago, delved into the creation and rise of Hamas as a powerful organization in the Middle East. In this chapter, a continuation of the series, we’ll dive into the detailed history of ceasefires in the Hamas and Israel crisis over the years. This will provide a comprehensive understanding of the events leading to each ceasefire, the terms of the agreements, and the aftermath. CONFLICTS AND CEASEFIRES OVER THE YEARS Operation Cast Lead (December 2008 – January 2009) Background Operation Cast Lead began on December 27, 2008. Egypt brokered a six-month truce between Hamas and Israel in June 2008; the truce’s collapse triggered the conflict. The truce was intended to halt rocket attacks from Gaza on Israeli towns and cities and to ease the Israeli blockade of Gaza. However, both sides accused each other of violations, leading to its collapse. Conflict The Israeli Air Force launched a series of airstrikes targeting Hamas infrastructure, including police stations, smuggling tunnels, and military bases. Hamas responded with rocket fire aimed at southern Israel. The conflict escalated with an Israeli ground invasion on January 3, 2009. For the 22-day operation, there were significant casualties and destruction on both sides, with Palestinian civilians suffering the most. Ceasefire On January 17, 2009, Israel declared a unilateral ceasefire, which Hamas initially rejected but later agreed to follow suit. The ceasefire was fragile, with sporadic violations from both sides. The terms included the cessation of hostilities, the withdrawal of Israeli troops from Gaza, and the reopening of border crossings for humanitarian aid. Aftermath The operation resulted in over 1,400 Palestinian and 13 Israeli deaths. The international community condemned the high civilian casualties and the use of excessive force. The blockade on Gaza remained in place, leading to severe economic and humanitarian consequences. Operation Pillar of Defense (November 2012) Background Operation Pillar of Defense was launched by Israel on November 14, 2012, after months of escalating rocket fire from Gaza and Israeli airstrikes. The immediate trigger was the assassination of Ahmed Jabari, the chief of Hamas’s military wing. Conflict The eight-day conflict saw intense exchanges of rocket fire and airstrikes. Hamas targeted major Israeli cities, including Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, for the first time. Israel’s Iron Dome missile defense system intercepted many rockets, mitigating casualties and damage. Ceasefire A ceasefire was brokered by Egypt and the United States on November 21, 2012. The agreement called for the cessation of hostilities, the opening of border crossings, and measures to address the blockade and economic restrictions on Gaza. Aftermath The conflict resulted in over 160 Palestinian and six Israeli deaths. The ceasefire largely held, with occasional flare-ups. The blockade on Gaza continued, maintaining the region’s economic and humanitarian challenges. Operation Protective Edge (July – August 2014) Background Operation Protective Edge began on July 8, 2014, following the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers and the retaliatory killing of a Palestinian teenager. The conflict escalated with rocket fire from Gaza and Israeli airstrikes. Conflict The seven-week war involved extensive ground, air, and naval operations. Israel aimed to destroy Hamas’s military infrastructure, including tunnels used for cross-border attacks. The conflict resulted in significant casualties and destruction, particularly in Gaza. Ceasefire On August 26, 2014, a long-term ceasefire was brokered by Egypt. The terms included the cessation of hostilities, the opening of border crossings, and the extension of Gaza’s fishing zone. Indirect negotiations on broader issues, such as the blockade, were also agreed upon. Aftermath The conflict resulted in over 2,100 Palestinian and 73 Israeli deaths. The ceasefire brought temporary calm, but underlying issues remained unresolved. Reconstruction efforts in Gaza faced significant challenges due to the ongoing blockade and political divisions. Operation Guardian of the Walls (May 2021) Background The 2021 conflict, also known as Operation Guardian of the Walls, was triggered by tensions in East Jerusalem, including clashes at the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the planned eviction of Palestinian families from Sheikh Jarrah. Hamas began launching rockets at Israeli cities on May 10, 2021, in response to the tensions. Conflict The 11-day conflict saw intense rocket fire from Gaza and Israeli airstrikes. Hamas targeted major Israeli cities, and the Iron Dome intercepted many rockets. The conflict caused significant casualties and destruction, particularly in Gaza. Ceasefire A ceasefire was brokered by Egypt, Qatar, and the United Nations on May 21, 2021. The terms included the cessation of hostilities and measures to address humanitarian needs in Gaza. Aftermath The conflict resulted in over 250 Palestinian and 13 Israeli deaths. The ceasefire largely held, but occasional flare-ups continued. The blockade on Gaza remained, exacerbating the region’s economic and humanitarian challenges. October 2023 – Surprise Attack on Simchat Torah Background On October 7, 2023, during the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah, Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israel. Militants broke through the Gaza-Israel barrier, leading to widespread violence and casualties. The attack was unprecedented in scale and intensity. Conflict: The conflict involved heavy rocket fire from Gaza and intense Israeli airstrikes. Urban areas on both sides experienced significant damage and casualties. The international community called for an immediate ceasefire to prevent further escalation. Ceasefire Efforts to broker a ceasefire involved multiple parties, including Egypt, Qatar, and the United Nations. In January 2025, a phased ceasefire deal was reached. The terms included the release of captives, increased humanitarian aid, and discussions on a permanent ceasefire. Aftermath The conflict resulted in significant casualties and destruction on both sides. The ceasefire deal aimed to address immediate humanitarian needs and create a framework for long-term peace. The situation remained tense, with ongoing efforts to prevent further violence. WHAT LED TO THE NEGOTIATION OF THESE CEASEFIRES? The negotiation of ceasefires in the Gaza, Hamas, and Israel crisis has been driven by several key factors: The ongoing conflict has resulted in significant civilian casualties and widespread destruction, particularly in Gaza. Parties to the conflict often negotiate

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CREATION AND RISE OF HAMAS

1 Comment / International Relations and Global Affairs / admin / February 24, 2025

Hey Guys, I am super glad to welcome you back to this space to continue on this amazing journey of exploring events in the International system and basically to let you in on my many interests. Sit back, sip a cup of whatever you love (for me it is a cup of blazing hot chocolate) and enjoy the read. In case you had missed the first chapter, premised on the genesis of the crisis between Israel and Hamas, don’t worry—you can always get up to speed.This chapter promises to explore the creation and rise of Hamas. ORIGIN Hamas, which stands for Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-Islāmiyyah (Islamic Resistance Movement), was founded in 1987 during the First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation. FACTORS LEADING TO HAMAS’ FORMATION There are several factors that led to the formation of Hamas: HISTORICAL CONTEXT The Israeli-Palestinian conflict’s broader historical context is necessary to understand Hamas’s formation. After the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, leading to widespread discontent among Palestinians. INFLUENCE OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD Hamas emerged from the Muslim Brotherhood, an Islamist organization that had been active in the Gaza Strip since the 1950s. The Brotherhood’s network of mosques, charities, and social organizations provided a strong foundation for Hamas. The Brotherhood’s ideology, which combined Islamic principles with political activism, influenced Hamas’s formation. DISCONTENT WITH THE FATAH & PLO Initially, Hamas viewed Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Ḥarakat al-Taḥrīr al-Waṭanī al-Filasṭīnī (Palestinian National Liberation Movement) known as Fatah as too lenient and ineffective in resisting Israeli occupation. Fatah, led by Yasser Arafat, had been the dominant political force in Palestinian politics since the 1960s. Hamas believed that Fatah’s willingness to engage in peace talks and the recognition of the statehood of Israel undermined the Palestinian cause and failed to achieve meaningful concessions from Israel. They opted for a more militant and religiously driven agenda as a replacement. This ideological and political rivalry led to violent clashes and eventual split between the two factions. FIRST INTIFADA The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation that began in December 1987, was a crucial catalyst for Hamas’ formation. The uprising was characterized by widespread protests, strikes, and civil disobedience. Hamas capitalized on the growing discontent and mobilized support for its cause, positioning itself as the vanguard of the resistance. HAMAS RISE TO POWER & GAZA TAKEOVER The year was 2006, and it was time for the Palestinian legislative elections. Hamas indicated interest, campaigned on a platform of armed resistance against Israeli occupation, and won a majority of seats in the Palestinian Parliament, defeating the ruling Fatah party. Battle of Gaza (2007) The Battle of Gaza, also known as the Gaza Civil War, a brief but intense conflict between Fatah and Hamas that took place from June 10 to June 15, 2007, was the culmination of conflicts at different times. The fighting involved intense street battles, sniper fire, rocket-propelled grenades, and mortar attacks. The battle resulted in Hamas taking control of the Gaza Strip, while Fatah officials were either taken as prisoners, executed, or expelled. The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights reported that at least 161 people were killed and more than 700 were wounded during the fighting. This pivotal moment marked the beginning of its transformation into a powerful and influential force. With swift and decisive action, Hamas took charge of Gaza’s infrastructure, encompassing everything from food banks and schools to hospitals. By ensuring the provision of essential services, the organization gained widespread support and legitimacy among Palestinians, solidifying its role as the leader of Gaza. Bolstering its newfound authority, Hamas relied on the formidable strength of its armed wing, the Al-Qassam Brigades. This military might enable Hamas to maintain order, enforce its rule, and respond effectively to any threats, further cementing its grip on the region. Fatah left without a choice and retreated to the West Bank. Aftermath Following the takeover, Hamas established a one-party Islamist statelet in Gaza, with Ismail Haniyeh serving as the leader until February 2017. Political Isolation Hamas faced significant political isolation. The international community, including the United Nations and most Western countries, refused to recognize Hamas as the legitimate government of Gaza. Instead, they continued to support the Fatah-led Palestinian Authority in the West Bank as the official representative of the Palestinian people. Humanitarian Crisis The blockade and ongoing conflict resulted in a severe humanitarian crisis in Gaza. The United Nations and other international organizations reported widespread poverty, unemployment, and malnutrition. The overwhelming demand on the healthcare system and limited access to clean water and sanitation were evident. Reconstruction Efforts The extensive damage caused by the conflict required significant reconstruction efforts. International aid organizations and NGOs worked to rebuild homes, schools, hospitals, and infrastructure. However, the ongoing blockade and restrictions on the import of building materials hampered these efforts. Internal Governance Hamas established a one-party rule in Gaza, the organization focused on consolidating its power and maintaining control over the territory. The organization strengthened its internal security forces and suppressed dissent. REDUCING HAMAS’ POWER IN GAZA Various countries have played significant roles in attempting to reduce the influence of this militant group, each employing unique strategies and resources. Israel, at the forefront of this effort, conducted multiple military operations aimed at dismantling Hamas’s infrastructure. Through airstrikes, ground invasions, and blockades, Israel sought to weaken Hamas’ control and prevent further attacks. These actions, however, also led to significant casualties and widespread destruction, fueling a cycle of violence and retaliation. The United States, recognizing Hamas as a terrorist organization, imposed sanctions to curb its activities. Providing military aid to Israel, the U.S. supported efforts to counter Hamas while also engaging in diplomatic measures to promote peace and stability in the region. Egypt, sharing a border with Gaza, played a dual role. As a mediator, Egypt often brokered ceasefires between Hamas and Israel, seeking to de-escalate conflicts. At the same time, Egypt cooperated with Israel in maintaining the blockade on Gaza and took measures to destroy

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ISRAEL – HAMAS CRISIS (THE BEGINNING)

1 Comment / International Relations and Global Affairs / admin / February 24, 2025

INTRODUCTION Hi ya! Welcome to iWrite by Festus Ayomikun. As you may have read atop, the mission I am on with this blog is to bring to you my reader accurate, relevant, and objective information about events happening in the international system. I do not take a side; I only write to help you make informed opinions and have a good understanding of things and not just follow the bandwagon of general feeling/opinion. This week, which is our launch week, I will be writing about the recent event on the international stage at this time which is the Israel and Hamas fight. In this blog post, we will be looking at some interesting background story that will help put what is currently going on into proper perspective for anyone to understand. I promise to do all I can to make this concise but rich enough for a body of knowledge. So, before we go into the details of what happened on October 11, 2023, let us take a quick glance into the background story. We will be covering the Creation of Israel as a State or country as you may say, the Israeli Occupation of Gaza Strip (The center of this fight), The rise or creation of Hamas, Hamas as a group and their ideologies and then we look at previous fight before this current one. Without much more ado, let’s get into it. HOMECOMING From the late 19th century into the very early 20th century, the region called Palestine which is a land locked between, Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon has been under the rule of the then Ottoman Empire but the empire became less strong during WW1 and after the war ended in 1919, the control of this land and many other land under the control of the empire was ceded to the British Empire through a mandate by the League of Nation (The then version of the current UN). But before this concession, the Brits had already made an announcement in 1917 called the BALFOUR DECLARATION which was a promise for the establishment of a “National Home for the Jews” i.e. a land they can call their own in the region of Palestine. So, the official concession of the region to the Brits meant they could fulfil this promise easily. Although the concession of the region through the LoN Mandate was majorly criticized by all Arab Nations and the people living in the region but it appeased more to the Jews as it supported their believe of ownership to Jerusalem as their biblical inheritance. Fortunately, and unfortunately, the persecution and the Holocaust (mass murdering of the Jews) by Nazi Germany during the WW2 then resulted in the Jews fleeing Eastern Europe and mass migrating into the Palestine Region into a land they believe to be their biblical ancestral home as mentioned earlier. Although with this migration tension arose in the region nonetheless, no sort of fight really broke out between the fleeing Jews and the Arabian inhabitant of the land not until after WW2. FORMATION OF ISRAEL In February of the year 1947, 2 years after the end of the war, Britain in a bid to fulfil their promise made with the “Balfour Declaration of 1917” (remember we mentioned it above) made a proposition to the UN (the new founded organization that replaced the LoN), asking them to investigate the tension in the Palestine region and make moves into resolving the crisis. The UN however in resolving the crisis made and adopted the resolution to split the Palestine region into independent states – One for the Jews and the other for the Arabs in other words, a “Jewish State” and an “Arab State” with Jerusalem under the control of the UN as it was a land both sides were laying claims to. Apparently, this resolution by the UN did not go down well with the Palestinians inhabiting the land neither did it appease to the other surrounding Arabian nations. However, the whole situation escalated in 1948, May 15 when the Jews declared independence and announced the creation of the State or Nation of Israel as you may want to call it. This irked the Palestinians and the other Arabs nations the more and this became the genesis of an all-out fight between Palestine and Israel up until today. Before, I take you into the creation and rise of Hamas, let me do a quick run-down of how the occupation of the Gaza strip by Israel came about. After the creation of the Nation of Israel as mentioned above, the Israeli Armies moved quickly into conquering and occupying other territories beyond what was initially awarded to it by the UN resolution a year earlier and because Israel had a whelming support of some big powers especially Britain, there was a re-division of the whole region into 3 parts and no more. Israeli land for the Jews, The Gaza Strip (The center of the war till date) and the west Bank. At this time, Gaza Strip being a tiny strip of land between Israel and Egypt and home to about 2million Palestinians was left under the control of the Egyptian government and West Bank situated in between Israel and Jordan and home to about 3million people was given to the Jordanians for control. THE SIX DAY WAR Albeit in 1967, Israel decided to follow the principles of the theory of REALISM as stated by Nicolo Machiavelli that states that a Leader must not wait for the enemy to make a move but must always pre-empt and make the first move to achieve its national interest and protect its citizens at all costs (this is an abridged and simple to understand translation). Israel therefore launched a pre-emptive defensive war against Egypt, Jordan and Syria claiming these Arab Nations were on the verge of launching a joint attack on Israel too. This Israeli’s attack was such a success that it only lasted 6 days thus termed “The Six Day War”

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